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The crucial element problem of ultraviolet coherent light source primarily focuses on the development of nonlinear optical frequency conversion crystal in ultraviolet band. The nonlinear optical crystal is amongst the circumstances for frequency transformation, so the growth, dimension, harm resistance, conversion effectiveness and allowable parameter variety of nonlinear optical crystal are expected more and more.
However, the beam excellent of the bigger electrical power DUV laser would grow to be worse on account of far more serious thermal and nonlinear consequences. Hence, the frequency conversion procedures need to be thoroughly built to mitigate the aforementioned outcomes. Hence, a high-ability DUV laser for the FHG of 1 μm with a fantastic beam excellent can be received and will be beneficial for getting the shorter wavelength DUV lasers for instance 193 nm by SFG.
Due to thermal lens outcome in the stable-point out lasers, In the event the heating management is insufficient, It's not necessarily simple to acquire the reliable-state laser that has a high power in addition to a substantial beam top quality concurrently. Not too long ago, with the event of the thin disk laser and one-crystal fiber (SCF) laser, a substantial-power laser at the basic wavelength (one μm) had been realized with an excellent beam top quality Despite a TEM00 mode beam [four,24], which might be very good candidates for the basic in the DUV laser technology. A different applicant for the elemental is definitely the higher-energy fiber laser which might be realized by coherent beam mixture with M2 value a lot less than 1.
On the other aspect, the facility scaling on the NIR laser is another factor to increase the regular electrical power from the 193-nm DUV laser. Due to the insufficient the significant-energy amplification Resolution on the NIR laser (one example is at 1553 nm), nonlinear frequency procedures like optical parameter oscillation (OPO) could possibly be applied to build a wavelength converter by shifting the wavelength from 1 μm to the desired wavelength together with getting relative bigger electrical power [21]. Not long ago, a diamond Raman laser confirmed its means in achieving a higher power along with a higher conversion efficiency within the 1st Stokes with the 1-μm laser [22,23], which implies the chance to get applied during the 193-nm DUV laser technology on account of its large Raman gain and huge frequency change.
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Inside the scientific and industrial applications, the beam high-quality on the DUV laser can also be a significant parameter. Specifically, the beam top quality of the DUV laser radically impacts the laser machining results. The beam high-quality on the DUV laser is decided by that of the basic laser as well as crystal for your frequency conversion. A short while ago, a high-electricity DUV laser (>ten W) at 258 nm was reported using a beam good quality of M2 < one.five, which was produced by FHG of a Yb:YAG laser at 1030 nm using the CLBO crystal [13]. This laser would cause an even better laser machining result when compared with the preceding DUV lasers with much larger M2.
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Cesium Lithium Borate (CsLiB6O10 or CLBO) is the simplest non-linear crystal which generates ultraviolet harmonics of your Nd:YAG basic laser wavelength. In order to enrich the damage threshold, reduced CLBO surface area roughness, by ultra-precision machining, is needed. Since the CLBO crystal has easy hydroscopic reaction and micro scratches in machining, ultra-exact machining of your CLBO crystal is usually a complicated technological challenge.
The beam profile demonstrated in Figure 7b shown a superb beam good quality as one of several merits of Raman laser, which might be useful to create a 193-nm DUV laser with a top quality beam.
The conversion effectiveness from essential NIR to DUV is from 5% to 36% in accordance with the described results in Desk 1. get more info Raising the conversion efficiency will lessen the burden on the look and set up of the fundamental laser amplifier together with the electric electric power consumption. A superb beam quality of the basic laser may also lead to your increasing from the conversion effectiveness and also the suitable ability depth of your NIR and environmentally friendly laser in the SHG and FHG procedure, respectively. The highest conversion efficiencies from NIR to green and environmentally friendly to DUV laser by usage of CLBO crystal are 70% and all over 50%, respectively [12], which corresponds towards the conversion efficiency of 35% from essential to DUV.
The event from the 193-nm laser was shown by stages of SFG. So as to scale the DUV laser electrical power correctly, a whole new thought in the 193-nm DUV laser technology is introduced depending on the diamond Raman laser.